It took place on April 13, 1919, in the city of Amritsar in Punjab and left an indelible mark on India's collective consciousness. The incident not only exposed the brutal nature of British imperialism but also inspired a united Indian response, which eventually fueled the fire of India's independence movement.The massacre must be understood in the broader context of British colonial repression and the growing Indian nationalist movement. After World War I, expectations were high among Indians that their support for the British war effort would be rewarded with political concessions and greater self-rule. However, the British government instead enacted the Rowlatt Act in March 1919, which allowed the government to imprison anyone suspected of treason without trial.The act was seen as a betrayal by Indians who had expected constitutional reforms. This sparked nationwide protests, led by leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, who called for non-violent resistance. Punjab, especially Amritsar, became the epicentre of unrest due to widespread discontent and patriotic fervour.only a few narrow paths. Many had gathered to protest peacefully against the Rowlatt Act, while others were there to celebrate the festival.At around 5:15 pm, Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, without warning, ordered his troops to block the main entrance and began firing on the unarmed crowd. The firing continued for about ten minutes and more than 1,600 rounds were fired at the trapped crowd. People tried to escape, but escape was very difficult due to the narrow paths and walls. Some people even jumped into a well inside the garden to escape the bullets.British officials estimated that 379 people were killed and more than 1,200 were injured, but Indian sources put the number much higher, with more than 1,000 killed and several thousand injured. The victims included children, women and the elderly.The massacre sparked outrage across the country. For many Indians, it was a clear realization of the oppressive nature of British rule. The Hunter Commission, appointed by the British to investigate the incident, criticized Dyer, but took no punitive action against him. In contrast, many British officials and civilians in Britain hailed him as a hero and even provided him financial assistance on his retirement.Mahatma Gandhi, who had previously supported British cooperation during the war, now became a staunch critic of the empire and declared that British rule was morally bankrupt. He soon launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920, urging Indians to boycott British institutions, titles, and goods.Leaders across India began demanding **swaraj (self-rule)** more vocally, and the Indian National Congress saw a significant increase in participation and support.The Jallianwala Bagh massacre became a pivotal event in India's freedom struggle. It exposed the brutal face of colonialism and convinced many liberals that the time for negotiation and gradual reform was over.The event united Indians from all regions and religions to demand independence. The story of innocent civilians killed while protesting peacefully touched a deep emotional chord.Moreover, this massacre brought international recognition to the Indian freedom struggle. Many British politicians, intellectuals, and citizens criticized the actions of Dyer and the British government, leading to global sympathy for the Indians.Today, **Jallianwala Bagh** is a national monument that commemorates the lives lost on that tragic day. The flame of memory burns at this place, and the bullet marks on the walls are preserved as a harsh reminder of colonial brutality. The well, into which many jumped to escape the bullets, still exists and is a silent testimony to the horrors.This massacre remains a symbol of resistance
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